SATYAGRAHA

A  novel method of mass agitation introduced by Gandhiji  is called satyagraha.

 The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

 It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

 Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.

 Why non cooperation movement was launched?

1.Rowlatt act

2.Jallianwalla Bagh massacre

3.Khilafat issue(explain)

Why did Gandhiji withdraw the non cooperation movement in 1922?

Chauri chaura incident in1922-Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.

The Satyagrahis  burnt the police station  at Chauri chaura and killed 22 policemen.

 Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called  off  the Non-Cooperation Movement.

C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.

SIMON COMMISSION

Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon.

The commission was set up in response to the nationalist movement   to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

 The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.

 When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.

 All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

 In an effort to win them over, the viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague  offer

of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers in 1930.

 The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.

 The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British

. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water because salt manufacturing was the monopoly of the British.

 This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Limits of civil disobedience movement

All social groups did not participate in the movement

For example the Dalits

The dalit participation was limited in many areas, particularly in  Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was quite strong.

They were actively organising movements for their own welfare under the leadership of B R Ambedkar who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930,

Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement

MAP

List of Map Items for Examination

A. History

Chapter 3 : Nationalism in India - (1918-1930)
(i) For locating and labelling/Identification on Outline Political Map of India
1. Indian National Congress Session : Calcutta (Sep. 1920), Nagpur (Dec. 1920), Madras (1927)
and Lahore (1929).
2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement
(Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)
(i) Champaran (Bihar) : Movement of Indigo Planters
(ii) Kheda (Gujarat) : Peasant Satyagraha
(iii) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) : Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
(iv) Amritsar (Punjab) : Jallianwala Bagh incident.
(v) Chauri Chaura (UP) : calling off the NCM.
(vi) Bardoli (Gujarat) : no tax campaign.
(vii) Dandi (Gujarat) : Civil Disobedience Movement.

B. Geography

Chapter 5 : Mineral and Energy Resources
Minerals : (Identification only)
(i) Iron ore mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary and Kudremukh.
(ii) Mica mines : Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya and Hazaribagh.
(iii) Coal mines : Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni and Neyveli
(iv) Oil Fields : Digbi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol and Ankaleshwar.
Power Plants : (Locating and Labelling only)
(a) Thermal : Namrup, Talcher, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada and
Tuticorin.
130
(b) Nuclear : Narora, Rawat Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga and Kalpakkam.
Chapter 6 : Manufacturing Industries
For Locating and Labelling Only
(i) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore
and Madurai.
(ii) Woollen Industry : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur and Jamnagar.
(iii) Silk Industry : Anantnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad and Mysore.
(iv) Iron and Steel Plants : Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bhilai,
Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, and Salem.
(v) Software Technology Parks : Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai,
Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore,
Chennai and Thiruvanantapuram.
Chapter 7 : Lifelines of National Economy
Identification Only :
Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor and East-West Corridor
National Highways : NH-1, NH-2 and NH-7
Location and Labelling :
(i) Major Ports : Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore,
Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia and Kolkata.
(ii) International Airports : Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International);
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanatapuram (Nedimbacherry) ; Chennai (Meenam
Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) and Hyderabad
Note : Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification.

Std: X                                               Social Science

                                                           Blue Print

	VSA            SA            LA            Skill
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe	1(1)	3(1)	5(1)
The Nationalist Movement in Indo China	1(1)*	3(1)*	5(1)*
Nationalism in India	1(1)	3(2)	5(1)	2(1)
Minerals and Energy Resources	1(1)	3(1)		3(1) 1(1)*
Manufacturing Industries	1(1)	3(1)	5(1)	1(1)*
Life Lines of National Economy	1(1)	3(2)		1(1)*
Popular Struggles and Movements	1(1)	3(1)
Political Parties	1(1)	3(1)
Outcomes of Democracy	1(1)		5(1)
Challenges to democracy		3(1)	5(1)
Money and Credit	1(1)	3(1)	5(1)
Globalisation and the Indian Economy			5(1)
Consumer Rights		3(1)	5(1)

• Indicates choice questions

                                                                                9(9)           36(12)         40(8)         5(1)                      

                                                                                                                                                                     

                                                                 Total Marks:  90

                                                                 No. of Questions: 30

Important places of national movement

THE ROWLATT ACT-1919

• . The Rowlatt Act of 1919  gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
• The Act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for twoyears.
•  Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience againstsuch unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.

KHILAFAT ISSUE.

•  The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor – the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
• To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee wasformed in Bombay in March 1919 under the leadership of the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

. 

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

One word answers

1.When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa?

1915

2.What did the term begar mean?

Labour without payment.

3.Who led the peasants in Awadh?

Baba Ramchandra

4.When was the Rowlat Act passed?

1919

5.Who wrote the book Hind Swaraj?

Mahatma Gandhi

6. Who were the Sanatanis?

High caste Hindus

7.Who was Sir Mohammed Iqbal?

President of the muslim league 1930

8.Where did Mahatma Gandhi launch his first Satyagraha movement in India?

Champaran in Bihar in1916

Gandhiji’s Satyagraha movemens in India

• 9. In 1916 Mahatma Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
•  Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
•  Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed. 
• In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

JALIAN WALLA BAGH MASSACRE

• 10. On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of JallianwallaBagh.
•  Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures and others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
• Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exitpoints, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.