Natioalism in Europe (CONTD)

·         Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal

·         Suffrage – The right to vote

·         Napolean invaded Italy in -1797

·         In revolutionary France the right to vote was granted to --property owned men.

·         Conservative regime set up in--1815

·         The Italian revolutionary from Genoa--Guiseppe Mzzini

·         Karol k urpinski  celebrate the national struggle through ------operas

·         The Act which resulted in the formation of  United Kingdom--Act of Union 1707

ALLEGORY

·         Allegory – When an abstract idea (for instance, greed, envy,

freedom, liberty) is expressed through a person or a thing,it became the allegory of the nation.

·         It is the personification of a country.

·         The female allegory of Germany is Germania.

·         The female allegory of France is Marianne.

Clauses of theTreaty of Vienna of 1815

·         The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power.

·         France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

·         A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

·         The  kingdom of the Netherlands, which included

Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmontin the south
 Prussia was given important new territories on its westernfrontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
 Russia was given part of Poland  while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
  The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Process of German unification

·         Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans. In 1848 they tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a    nation-state governed by an elected parliament.

·          This liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.

·         From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

·         Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

·         In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I,was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

·         During  1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a

coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.

·          He had formed a secret society called Young Italy for unifying the country.

·         Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France  and  defeated the Austrian forces in 1859.

·         In 1860  a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi  marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

·          In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

·       THE BALKEN ISSUE

·          The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania,Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs

·         . A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

·         The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

·         . The Balkan  used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.

·         The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped

to gain more territory at the expense of the others.

·          There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might problem unfolded. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.