Important places of national movement

THE ROWLATT ACT-1919

• . The Rowlatt Act of 1919  gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
• The Act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for twoyears.
•  Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience againstsuch unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.

KHILAFAT ISSUE.

•  The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor – the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
• To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee wasformed in Bombay in March 1919 under the leadership of the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

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NATIONALISM IN INDIA

One word answers

1.When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa?

1915

2.What did the term begar mean?

Labour without payment.

3.Who led the peasants in Awadh?

Baba Ramchandra

4.When was the Rowlat Act passed?

1919

5.Who wrote the book Hind Swaraj?

Mahatma Gandhi

6. Who were the Sanatanis?

High caste Hindus

7.Who was Sir Mohammed Iqbal?

President of the muslim league 1930

8.Where did Mahatma Gandhi launch his first Satyagraha movement in India?

Champaran in Bihar in1916

Gandhiji’s Satyagraha movemens in India

• 9. In 1916 Mahatma Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
•  Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
•  Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed. 
• In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

JALIAN WALLA BAGH MASSACRE

• 10. On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of JallianwallaBagh.
•  Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures and others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
• Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exitpoints, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.

Natioalism in Europe (CONTD)

·         Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal

·         Suffrage – The right to vote

·         Napolean invaded Italy in -1797

·         In revolutionary France the right to vote was granted to --property owned men.

·         Conservative regime set up in--1815

·         The Italian revolutionary from Genoa--Guiseppe Mzzini

·         Karol k urpinski  celebrate the national struggle through ------operas

·         The Act which resulted in the formation of  United Kingdom--Act of Union 1707

ALLEGORY

·         Allegory – When an abstract idea (for instance, greed, envy,

freedom, liberty) is expressed through a person or a thing,it became the allegory of the nation.

·         It is the personification of a country.

·         The female allegory of Germany is Germania.

·         The female allegory of France is Marianne.

Clauses of theTreaty of Vienna of 1815

·         The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power.

·         France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

·         A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

·         The  kingdom of the Netherlands, which included

Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmontin the south
 Prussia was given important new territories on its westernfrontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
 Russia was given part of Poland  while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
  The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Process of German unification

·         Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans. In 1848 they tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a    nation-state governed by an elected parliament.

·          This liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.

·         From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

·         Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

·         In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I,was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

·         During  1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a

coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.

·          He had formed a secret society called Young Italy for unifying the country.

·         Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France  and  defeated the Austrian forces in 1859.

·         In 1860  a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi  marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

·          In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

·       THE BALKEN ISSUE

·          The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania,Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs

·         . A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

·         The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

·         . The Balkan  used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.

·         The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped

to gain more territory at the expense of the others.

·          There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might problem unfolded. Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

ONE WORD ANSWER

·         French Revolution -1789

·         Treaty of Vietna-1815

·         Conservative regime set up -1830

·         Italian revolutionary leader from Genoa--Guisseppe Mazzini

·         Who said?  “When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”.—Metternich

·         Which treaty made Greece  an independent nation?—Treaty of Constantinople ,1832

·         The revolt of weavers in Selisia,1845--Against the contracters who did not pay them enough.

·         Junkers were the—Large landowners.

·         Absolutist refers to—Monarchical government

·         Napoleanic Code –1804

·         Young Italy –The secret society found out by GuIssippe Mazzini

·         The main  architect behind the unification of Germany-- GuIssippe Mazzini

·         The main  architect behind the unification of Italy—Cavour

·         Expedition carried out by Giuseppe Garibaldi—Expedition of thousand  to South Italy

·         Allegory of Germany—Germania

·         Allegory pof France—Marianne

·         The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871, was an area called—Balkens

·         The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root -- liber, meaning free.

·         Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires—1905

·         QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

·         What are the measures taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

·         The ideas of la patrie (thefatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

·         A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.

·          The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

·          New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.

·          A centralised administrative system was put in place and  formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.

·          Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

·         Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

·         When the news of the events in France reached the different cities

·         JACOBIN CLUBS

•     The  students and other members of educated middle classes in Europe  set up Jacobin clubs to carry the idea of nationalism.

·         Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.

·          With theoutbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

 CUSTOMS UNION OR ZOLVEREIN--1834

·         Formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.

·         The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. 

vVaried currencies and weighs and measures were  obstecles to economic growth.

SSo the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods,  people and capital was needed.